Pa December 15, 1986, ogwira ntchito m’tauni ya Gorky (yomwe tsopano ndi Nizhny Novgorod) m’chigawo cha Russia, anapita m’nyumba yoipa ya Andrei Sakharov kuti akaike foni yamtundu wa turquoise. Wasayansi komanso wolimbikitsa mtendere anali atathamangitsidwa pafupifupi ku incommunicado 214 Gagarin Avenue kuyambira 1980. Tsiku lotsatira foni inalira. Anali mtsogoleri wa Soviet Mikhail Gorbachev, akumaliza kuthamangitsidwa kwa Sakharov. Sakharov anayankha kuti: “Zikomo kwambiri, koma masiku angapo apitawo, mnzanga Anatoly Marchenko anafera m’ndende ya Chistopol. Iye anali woyamba pa mndandanda womwe ndidakupatsani. Akaidi ambiri okhudzidwa ndi chikumbumtima ali m’ndende za Soviet Union, ndipo onse ayenera kumasulidwa.”
Patapita mlungu umodzi, Sakharov ndi mkazi wake Elena “Lusya” Bonner anatsika sitima ku Moscow. Inali nthawi yodziwika bwino: Sakharov anali ndi malingaliro omasuka omwe adaphwanyidwa mu USSR. Kodi kubwerera kwake kungasinthe dziko? Atadzazidwa ndi makalata akunja, adayang’ana akaidi ambiri, koma adathawa: linali Lachiwiri, tsiku lomwe bungwe lake lokondedwa la physics FIAN linkachita maphunziro ake a sabata iliyonse.
USSR inagwa zaka 30 zapitazo sabata ino, koma mzimu wa Sakharov udakali pa ife. Bambo wa bomba la Soviet thermonuclear, yemwe adakhala wotsutsa wamkulu wa USSR (adakonda “freethinker”), akadakwanitsa zaka 100 chaka chino. Monga gulu lankhondo la Vladimir Putin likuwopseza Ukraine, chenjezo la Sakharov loti dziko lomwe limakana ufulu wachibadwidwe kwa nzika zake liika pachiwopsezo anansi ake likuwoneka lodziwika. Pakali pano, mwezi uno, wotsutsa wina wa ku Russia yemwe analandidwa ufulu, Alexei Navalny, anapambana Mphotho ya Ufulu Woganiza ya Sakharov ya Nyumba ya Malamulo ya ku Ulaya. Pokhapokha sabata ino Khothi Lalikulu ku Russia lidalamula kutsekedwa kwa Chikumbutso, gulu lodziwika bwino laufulu wa anthu mdzikolo lomwe Sakharov adathandizira kupeza.
Kodi angapange chiyani ku Russia yamasiku ano (komwe pafupifupi misewu 60 ndi mabwalo amatchulidwa dzina lake)? Mwana wake wopeza Tatiana Yankelevich anati: “Sindingathe kuganiza kuti akanakhumudwa bwanji.
Anatsika kuchokera ku mzere wa ansembe a Orthodox, Sakharov anakulira m’gulu la otsalira a intelligentsia ya Moscow pre-revolutionary. Bambo ake a Dmitri analemba mabuku otchuka a physics. Ngakhale kuti USSR inakhazikitsidwa mu 1922 pamene Sakharov anali ndi miyezi 19, analeredwa m’maganizo pafupifupi kunja, anaphunzira kunyumba mpaka zaka zisanu, komanso giredi 5 ndi 6. Kuphunzira physics ndi masamu kuchokera kwa abambo ake, Sakharov adamva kuti “anamvetsa zonse nthawi yomweyo”. Mnzake wina pambuyo pake analemba kuti Sakharov “akhoza kusintha maganizo ake [electrons or neutrons], ngati kuti khungu lake lenilenilo limatha kumva mmene liyenera kukhalira.” Sakharov adati kudzipatula kwachinyamata kunamusiya ndi “kusakonda kucheza ndi anthu, zomwe zidandivutitsa”. Koma pafupifupi mwapadera pakati pa nzika za Soviet, iye anaphunzitsidwa kuganiza momasuka.
Achibale ake “anasowa” pa Nkhondo Yaikulu ya 1937, koma makolo ake anamuteteza ku ndale, ndipo wachinyamatayo analibe chidwi. M’nkhondo yachiŵiri yapadziko lonse, iye anatembenuza mphatso zake kugwiritsira ntchito mokonda dziko lako, akumatulukira njira yatsopano yoyezera zipolopolo za zipolopolo zogwiritsiridwa ntchito m’mfuti zolimbana ndi akasinja. Mu 1945 anawerenga za mabomba a atomiki a ku America otsegula pakamwa.
Mkulu wa apolisi achinsinsi a Stalin Lavrentiy Beria anaumirira kuti alowe nawo pulogalamu ya bomba la USSR. Izi zinang’amba Sakharov kuchoka ku fiziki ya theoretical. Pokumbukira kufufuza kwake m’chilimwe cha 1947, iye ananong’oneza bondo kuti: “Sindinayambe ndakhalapo pafupi kwambiri ndi sayansi yapamwamba kwambiri.” (Izi ndi mawu ena omwe ali m’nkhaniyi amachokera ku album yazaka zana Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov, lofalitsidwa m’Chingelezi chaka chamawa.)
Iye ndi banja lake laling’ono adaponyedwa pamalo opangira kafukufuku omwe amadziwika kuti “The Installation”, m’tawuni yotchedwa Sarov yomwe idachotsedwa pamapu, pomwe akaidi a m’misasa yachilango adagwira ntchito yonyozeka.
Komabe kupanga mabomba kunali koyenera kwa iye, chifukwa anali wosawerengeka wa zanthanthi komanso woyambitsa, akufotokoza wolemba mbiri yake Gennady Gorelik. Asanakwanitse zaka 30, Sakharov adapanga mapangidwe a “keke wosanjikiza” wa “bomba la hydrogen” la Soviet, lomwe linayesedwa bwino mu August 1953. Mosakayikira, chipangizochi sichinali bomba la H, chifukwa mphamvu zambiri zinachokera ku nyukiliya, osati kuphatikizika. . Mulimonsemo, chinali chida chakupha kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, chowononga ngati mabomba 25 a Hiroshima A. Mu 1955 dziko la USSR linayesa bomba la nyukiliya, lomwe linapangidwa ndi Sakharov, lomwe linali lamphamvu kuwirikiza kanayi.
Ndi akatswiri ambiri achiyuda a sayansi ya zakuthambo, atsogoleri a Soviet anali okondwa kukondwerera ngwazi ya fuko la Russia. Sakharov adapsompsona Brezhnev ndi Khrushchev, adapeza ndalama zambiri, ndipo amatha kupeza mtsogoleri aliyense pafoni. Anatchedwa Hero of Socialist Labor katatu. Nthawi zonse akasokonezeka pawindo la ofesi ya njanji, kugwedeza kabuku kake ka Hero (komwe chifukwa cha chitetezo kunalibe chithunzi) kumathetsa vuto lililonse.
Sakharov sanalape konse chifukwa chopanga bomba. Ankawona kuti akuteteza dziko la makolo, komanso kukwaniritsa mgwirizano wa nyukiliya ndi US, dziko lapansi. Koma ankatengekanso ndi chidwi chanzeru. Kuyika, komwe adakhala zaka 18, kunali malo achibale amalingaliro aulere, ngakhale adatsekedwa kwa anthu akunja. Party idavomereza kuti akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo amafunikira ufulu wanzeru kuti apange zida. Choncho, mofanana ndi “mzinda wa atomiki” waku America Los Alamos, asayansi amatha kucheza momasuka ngakhale pa nkhani za wailesi ya BBC, akutero a Gorelik. Laibulale yawo inalandira American Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Ntchitoyi inali “paradaiso wa katswiri wa sayansi ya zakuthambo,” anakumbukira motero Sakharov. Kenako ankakhulupirirabe kwambiri mu dongosolo Soviet.
Sakharov akukwera galimoto yake ku Moscow, 1988 © Sputnik / TopFoto
Komabe ankangokhalira kusasangalala. Anaona kuti kuwononga zida za nyukiliya kudzapha anthu masauzande ambiri. Ngakhale kuti ozunzidwawo anali anthu osadziwika, ambiri omwe anali asanabadwe, luso lake lophatikizana ndi lingaliro lokhazikika linamuthandiza kulingalira. Kwa zaka zambiri Sakharov adalimbikitsa Khrushchev kuti athetse kuyesa kwa nyukiliya. Pangano la Moscow la 1963, momwe US, USSR ndi UK adasiya mayeso apamwamba, ndi zina zomwe adachita.
Koma pamene maganizo ake anasokera kupitirira kupanga mabomba, sanathe kuyima. Kuchokera ku 1966 mpaka 1968, mu zomwe Gorelik amachitcha “kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi”, adaganiziranso ndale zake pomwe amapanganso kafukufuku woyambirira wosowa wasayansi makumi anayi. Katswiri wina wa sayansi ya sayansi ya ku Britain, Norman Dombey, anati: “Mu sayansi yasayansi yoona, chimene iye anachita chachikulu chinali kuthetsa vuto la mmene chilengedwe choonekera chinapangidwira kuchokera ku tinthu ting’onoting’ono m’malo mwa tinthu tating’onoting’ono, ngakhale kuti malamulo a physics anali ofanana pakati pa tinthu ting’onoting’ono ndi tinthu tating’onoting’ono.”
Pa Tsiku la Constitutional Day 1966, adapezeka pachiwonetsero chake choyamba: otsutsa khumi ndi awiri adakumana pa Chikumbutso cha Pushkin ku Moscow, adachotsa zipewa zawo ndikuyima chete kusonyeza kulemekeza malamulo. (Theka la opezekapo anali atavala zipewa zawo; anali nthumwi za KGB.) Kenako Sakharov, wa Pushkin, yemwe anali wotengeka maganizo kwambiri, anaŵerenga mawu olembedwa pa Chikumbutsocho:
Ndidzakhala kwa anthu anga okondedwa
Kuti ndidzutse zachifundo ndi lipenga langa,
Pokondwerera ufulu mu nthawi ya nkhanza ino
Ndi kupempha chifundo kwa amene adagwa.
Iye anali atawoloka kutsidya lina. Mu a 1968 chithunzi, yofalitsidwa mochititsa chidwi mu New York Times, iye anachenjeza za kuwonongedwa kwa zida za nyukiliya, ndipo anapempha ufulu waluntha ndi kusintha kwa machitidwe a chikomyunizimu ndi capitalist. Anachenjezanso kuti “carbon dioxide yochokera ku makala amoto imasintha kutentha komwe kumawonetsa mumlengalenga”. Oletsedwa ku kafukufuku wankhondo atasindikizidwa, adalimbanabe, ngakhale amayembekezera kulephera. “Ukafuna kukhala mfulu, suyimira ufulu wachibadwidwe chifukwa zimagwira ntchito. koma chifukwa ndi zolondola”.
mkazi wake woyamba klavdia anamwalira mu 1969. Mu gulu lotsutsa adakumana ndi Bonner, yemwe adamuphunzitsa za moyo kupitirira Kuyika kwake kwa bomba. Kunja kwa mlandu ku Moscow mu 1978, iye ndi mkaziyo anamenya asilikali a KGB. Pamlanduwo, Bonner adati sananong’oneze bondo, koma adapepesa kwa mkulu wa apolisi yemwe adamumenya mwangozi. Otetezedwabe ndi udindo wa Sakharov’s Hero, banjali linangoperekedwa chindapusa.
Mu 1974 Sakharov adaneneratu za “dongosolo lachidziwitso chapadziko lonse” – intaneti. Mu 1975 Bonner adatenga Nobel Peace Prize ku Oslo, ndi werengani zolankhula zake zomwe zinafotokoza chifukwa chake mtendere sungakhalepo popanda kupita patsogolo ndi ufulu wa anthu. Mu 1980 adalandidwa ulemu wake waku Soviet ndikuthamangitsidwa chifukwa chotsutsa kuwukira kwa Afghanistan.
Ndi mdzukulu wake Marina Sakharov-Liberman © akg-images / SNA
Mdzukulu wake Marina Sakharov-Liberman, amene tsopano akukhala ku London, amakumbukira ulendo Gorky ndi kukambirana yaitali m’nkhalango (nyumba yake anali bugged), ndi kujambula ambidextrously naye (mwambo banja). Nthawi ina adamutumizira telegalamu kuti moss wake ukuphuka. “Sindinalandire telegalamuyo kwa milungu itatu,” iye akuseka. “Ndikuganiza kuti a KGB anali kudabwa kuti mawuwa amatanthauza chiyani.” Anzake ambiri asayansi anakhalabe okhulupirika kwa iye. Wopambana mphoto ya Nobel Vitaly Ginzburg adawona momwe Marina akupita patsogolo mu maphunziro ake afizikiki, ndikugwira ntchito za agogo a Sakharov.
Ku Gorky Sakharov anachita ziwonetsero zisanu za njala, makamaka kuti apeze chilolezo choti Bonner apite kunja kukalandira chithandizo chamankhwala.
Atamasulidwa ku Gorky, adakhala mtsogoleri wa demokalase. Mu 1988 adayambitsa nawo bungwe la Memorial Society kukumbukira anthu omwe adazunzidwa ndi Soviet Union. Chaka chimenecho adayenda ulendo wake woyamba wakunja, adafika ku US chisankho chapurezidenti chisanachitike. Atakhala ndi mwana wake wopeza wothawa kwawo Tatiana Yankelevich ku Newton, Massachusetts, adawonera kuvota kusukulu ya pulayimale komweko akukondwera. Koma pamene meya wa Newton adanena kuti atsagane ndi Yankelevich kumalo ovota, Sakharov anakana: kuvota kunali kwachinsinsi, anaumirira.
Nzika za Soviet zidawona mwa iye chiyero chosadziwika bwino mpaka pano. Atasankhidwa kukhala nyumba yamalamulo mu 1989, iye anati, “Anthu—amene ananyengedwa kaŵirikaŵiri ndi chinyengo, katangale, umbanda, kuzembetsa zisonkhezero, ndi kusadziletsa—anakhala amoyo. Mulungu atithandize ngati ziyembekezo zawo zalephereka. M’mbiri, palibe mwayi womaliza, koma m’malingaliro, m’badwo wathu, zokhumudwitsazi zitha kukhala zosasinthika. ” Pa Disembala 14, 1989 adapempha kuti asiye nkhani yalamulo yomwe idatsimikizira “udindo wotsogola” wa chipani. Usiku umenewo Bonner anamupeza pansi pa nyumba yake, atafa chifukwa cha kulephera kwa mtima. Anthu pafupifupi 100,000 anafika pamaliro ake.
Zaka makumi atatu pambuyo pake, Bungwe la Memorial Society likuyerekeza kuti chiwerengero cha akaidi a ndale ku Russia – pafupifupi 450 – chikufanana ndi magulu a USSR kumapeto kwa 1980s. Pakati pa mazana a anthu otsutsa omwe ali m’ndende ku Belarus ndi omwe adalandira mphoto ya chaka chatha cha Sakharov. Yankelevich akunena kuti zigamulo zina zandende kwa ochita ziwonetsero tsopano ndizovuta komanso zosagwirizana ndi nthawi za Soviet, mwina chifukwa Putin samasamala za kuvomerezedwa kwamadzulo kusiyana ndi atsogoleri a Soviet.
Navalny adabwerera ku Russia mu Januware akudziwa kuti akamangidwa. Atha kuwoneka ngati digito-savvy, wokonzeka kusinthika kwa Sakharov, ndipo nayenso adanyoza dziko lamphamvuyonse, koma mwana wopeza wa Sakharov ndi mdzukulu wake amakana kufananiza. “Onse awiri ndi olimba mtima kwambiri koma zili ngati kuyerekeza masamba ndi zipatso,” akutero Yankelevich. “Navalny adasinthika koma sizimamupangitsa kukhala woganiza bwino. Sakharov anali woganiza bwino. ”
Mwana wamkazi wa Navalny Daria atalandira Mphotho yake ya Sakharov ku Strasbourg mwezi uno, monga Bonner akulandira Nobel ya Sakharov, adaukira ndale zakumadzulo zomwe sizingakumane ndi Putin chifukwa cha “pragmatic”. “Andrei Sakharov,” adatero, “mwina anali m’modzi mwa anthu omwe sanali anzeru kwambiri padziko lapansi.” Anamaliza ndi mawu ake akuti: “Zomwe zidzandichitikire zakhala zazikulu kuposa umunthu wanga. Ndinangoyesetsa kuchita zinthu mogwirizana ndi tsogolo langa.”
Afghanistan mu 1980 ikhoza kukhala Ukraine mu 2022. Koma Navalny amakumbukira kubwerera kwa Sakharov kuchokera ku Gagarin Avenue. “Mwinamwake tsiku lina,” akutero Sakharov-Liberman, “Russia ikhoza kukhala Russia ya Sakharov.”
Simon Kuper ndi wolemba nkhani wa FT
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