Kuletsa kumawunikira chikhalidwe cha Malaysia | Nkhani Zachikhalidwe ndi Chikhalidwe

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia – Pomwe nkhani yake yapaintaneti yokhudza momwe zaluso zamitundu yambiri ziyenera kupitirira mpikisano zidathetsedwa koyambirira kwa Juni ndi malo achisilamu ku yunivesite yotchuka yaku Malaysia, Ramli Ibrahim, adadabwa ndikukwiya.

Lipoti la University of Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), lomwe ndi limodzi mwa mayunivesite aboma lodziwika bwino kwambiri mdzikolo, lati “okonza malangizowa alangizidwa ndi malo achisilamu kuyunivesite kuti athetse pulogalamuyo pazifukwa zosadziwika.”

Ramli, director of director of the Kuala Lumpur-based Sutra Dance Theatre, yemwe ndi Msilamu waku Malawi komanso wodziwika padziko lonse lapansi chifukwa chazovina zovina zachikhalidwe zaku India, makamaka kalembedwe ka Odissi, adapita pa intaneti kukayitanitsa malo achisilamu a UTM kuti ndi “opanda malingaliro” komanso “Odzikuza”. Malowa sanayankhe mafunso a Al Jazeera okhudza kuthetsedwa.

“Tavomereza ziphunzitso zachipembedzo zolowetsa maphunziro athu,” a Ramli adauza Al Jazeera poyankhulana. “Awa ndi gawo lolimbikitsa anthu kukhala nzika zomwe tidzatulutse.”

Nkhani ya Ramli ndi yomwe yangochitika kumene pamtsutsano wapadziko lonse wokhudza zaluso ku Malaysia ndipo ikutsimikizira kupitilizabe kwachisilamu pakusunga apolisi ndikusintha chikhalidwe ndi zikhalidwe zadziko. Ambiri mwa anthu aku Malaysia ndi achi Muslim achi Malay, koma palinso magulu ambiri amtundu wachi China ndi Amwenye, komanso nzika zaku India, makamaka m’maiko a Sarawak ndi Sabah pachilumba cha Borneo.

“Tatulutsa m’badwo wokhala ndi malingaliro osakhazikika komanso opapatiza. Tsoka ilo, awa ndi anthu omwewo omwe amayendetsa dzikolo, “adatero Ramli.

Kupita motsutsana ndi njere

Zomwe a Ramli akukumbutsa ndizoti ku Malaysia sikuti ndi akatswiri azandale monga Fahmi Reza ndi Zunar, kapena budaya kuning (“chikhalidwe chachikasu”, kutanthauza chikhalidwe chakumadzulo) cha makanema oletsedwa akunja ndikuwunika zochitika zapadziko lonse lapansi ndi miyala zomwe zimabwera kwa akuluakulu ‘radar. Ngakhale zikhalidwe zachikhalidwe, koma zosakhala zachisilamu, zaluso ngati kuvina kwa Ramli’s Odissi Indian zili pachiwopsezo chololezedwa ndi osamala.

Zinthu zomwe zikuchitika pano zikuyambira zaka makumi angapo.

Mu 1970, boma lidavumbulutsa National Culture Policy kutsatira zipolowe zandale komanso kusankhana mitundu chaka chatha, chomwe cholinga chake chinali kukhazikitsa zomwe zimanenedwa kuti ndi maziko atsopano a “mgwirizano wapadziko lonse” mdziko lino lokonda mitundu yambiri komanso zipembedzo zambiri.

Zotsatira zake zidakhala chikhalidwe chadziko lotengera miyambo ya Amalawi ambiri, pomwe Chisilamu ndichofunikira kwambiri.

Pofika zaka za m’ma 1990, NCP idayamba kuchepa pomwe dzikolo limakumana ndi zovuta zatsopano komanso zovuta kwambiri pokhudzana ndi kudalirana kwa mayiko. Koma monga nkhani yaposachedwa ya Ramli ikusonyezera, maziko a ndondomekoyi akupitilizabe kudziwitsa zisankho zikhalidwe.

“Zikhalidwe zaku China, Amwenye, Aluya, Azungu ndi ena, zomwe zimawerengedwa kuti ndizoyenera komanso zovomerezeka zimaphatikizidwa mchikhalidwe cha dzikolo,” adawerenga chikalata cha 2019 chofotokozera National Culture Policy patsamba la Prime Minister’s Office.

Idanenanso kuti “kuvomereza” kumadalira osati malinga ndi zomwe zili mu Constitution, koma zina monga “zokonda dziko, chikhalidwe chamakhalidwe ndi udindo wachisilamu ngati chipembedzo chovomerezeka mdzikolo”.

Akatswiri ati njirayi ikulepheretsa miyambo yaku Malaysia.

“Kuyesera kuwongolera ndikuwongolera zaluso sikuti kudodometsa luso la akatswiri onse koma kudzatithandizanso kuwonongeka kwa miyambo yathu,” atero a Tan Sooi Beng, pulofesa wa ethnomusicology ku Universiti Sains Malaysia’s School of Arts ku Penang, komanso kuchirikiza kukhazikika kwa miyambo yakomweko kudzera pakufufuza komwe kumachitika mdera.

Tan adalongosola malamulo ngati Printing Presses and Publications Act, omwe amalola boma kuletsa makaseti, makanema ndi mabuku omwe savomerezedwa ndi owunikira; ndi Police Act, momwe amafunsira ziphaso za apolisi kuti achititse misonkhano yapagulu, kuphatikiza zisudzo, nyimbo ndi kuvina.

Ramli, yemwe adayambitsa kampani yovina ya Sutra mu 1983 atabwerera kuchokera ku Australia, wawona Chisilamu ku Malaysia chikukula mosasamala pazaka zomwe adabwerera kwawo.

Ngakhale zomwe kampani yake yakhala ikudziwika ndi omvera akumayiko ena komanso akumayiko ena ndipo yatamandidwa kwambiri, luso lake laukadaulo, lokhala ndi zikhalidwe zambiri zamikhalidwe, wakhala akukumana ndi zovuta nthawi zonse ndi owunika achipembedzo.

“Poyamba panali otsutsana ndi zomwe ndimachita mpaka m’ma 1990, ngakhale Dipatimenti Yachitukuko cha Chisilamu ku Malaysia (Jakim) isanakhazikitsidwe. Ndipo panali kumvetsetsa kosadziwika pakati pa omwe adakonza kuti zisangalalo zangaoneke ngati ‘zotsutsana’ chifukwa chonena za Msilamu yemwe akuimba ‘gule wakachisi’ wachihindu, “adatero. Jakim ndi gawo la Ofesi ya Prime Minister ndipo amayang’anira zochitika zachisilamu.

Kuda nkhawa kunkawoneka kuti kwakhazikika mzaka khumi zapitazi pomwe a Ramli adayamba kulandira thandizo ku India ndipo adasiya kuwoneka ngati, “m’mawu ake omwe,” ngati “olondera pachikhalidwe cha Chimalaya. Koma akuwonanso kuti kupeza thandizo lalikulu kuboma potenga kampani yayikulu yaku India yovina yakunja kumakhalabe kovuta.

Chikhalidwe cha chipululu

Miyambo yazikhalidwe zaku Malawi ambiri aku Malaysia nawonso yakakamizidwa ndi malamulo aboma.

Mawonedwe okalamba monga mak yong, main puteri ndi kuda kepang, ndi sewero la zidole za mthunzi, wayang kulit – zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri zikhalidwe zachikhalidwe zachi Malay – adaletsedwa mwalamulo mu 1998 chifukwa chokhala “osakhala achisilamu” pansi pa zosangalatsa Malamulo omwe adakhazikitsidwa kumpoto chakum’mawa kwa Kelantan, komwe kwalamulidwa ndi Islamic Party yaku Malaysia kwazaka 30. Kuda kepang, ndimisala yake komanso zinsinsi zake, amakhalanso mutu wamalamulo achipembedzo kum’mwera kwa boma la Johor kuyambira 2009.

Chithunzi chochokera ku The Story of Southern Islet, pomwe wotsutsa waku China amachita miyambo ya Kedah Malay Wayang Kulit Gedek. Kanemayo yemwe adapambana mphothoyo adadulidwa khumi ndi awiri ndi gulu lowunikira makamaka lokhudzana ndi zochitika za chisilamu chisanachitike [Courtesy of Chong Keat Aun]

Zojambula zachikhalidwe zachi Malay zakhala zikuchitika kwazaka zopitilira mileniamu, zoyambira nthawi ya Chisilamu chisanachitike, munthawi ya ufumu wa Srivijaya. Ndipo monga momwe zimakhalira ndi miyambo yofananira ku Thailand, Cambodia, Laos kapena chilumba cha Indonesia ku Java, matanthauzidwe aku Malawi ali pamitima yawo momwe amasinthira nkhani ndi zilembo zochokera ku Epic Ramayana.

Mak yong – yomwe idachitika ku Kelantan kwazaka zambiri – yakhala ikukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi osunga Chisilamu pokhala ndi azimayi omwe amatanthauziranso udindo wamwamuna. Malinga ndi kutanthauzira kwawo kwa Chisilamu, ochita masewera achikazi, komanso mavalidwe amtanda makamaka, amapewa.

“Miyambo, zovala za azimayi, zomwe zili ndi nkhani zomwe zili ndi chinsinsi chomvetsetsa mphamvu zachikazi mu njira zakuchiritsira zaku Malawi zonse zakhudzidwa kwanthawi yayitali, popeza tidapereka mphamvu zaluso pazokha mwa amuna, “atero a Aida Redza, wolemba zaluso komanso chojambula ku Malawi yemwe zoyambirira zake ndi zomwe akutulutsa zimayamikiridwa kunja koma zikuvutikira kupeza malo kunyumba.

Adalengeza za Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity yolembedwa ndi UNESCO ku 2005, lamulo la mak yong lidachotsedwa kumapeto kwa 2019 chifukwa chakukakamizidwa ndi rapporteur wapadera ku UN pankhani yokhudza zikhalidwe, Karima Bennoune, yemwe adachita kampeni yolimbana ndi kubedwa kwadala mwambo. Ngakhale zili choncho, makyong zisudzo zitha kuchitika pokhapokha ngati azitsatira malamulo achisilamu omwe akatswiri amati asintha kalembedwe kake koyambirira komanso tanthauzo lophiphiritsa.

“Kuletsa kwa mak yong kudachotsedwa mwanjira zodzikongoletsera, koma kumapangitsa mawonekedwe kusadziwika kuyambira pachiyambi – amuna okha ndi omwe amaloledwa kugwira ntchito zomwe mwamwambo komanso mwamwambo zimachitika ndi akazi. Simungapite patali ndi mizu ya mak yong kuposa pamenepo, “atero a Eddin Khoo, wolemba komanso woyambitsa PUSAKA, bungwe lazikhalidwe ku Kuala Lumpur lomwe limachita nawo zaluso ku Malaysia.

Khoo akugogomezeranso kuti, mosasamala kanthu za kuletsa, mak yong adapulumuka m’magulu azikhalidwe ngati njira yotsutsa “kuyeretsa kwachikhalidwe”.

“Mak yong ndi mtundu wachisilamu, “adatsindika Khoo, yemwe adati zojambulajambula zambiri Chisilamu chisanachitike zakhala zikupezeka m’Chisilamu kwazaka zambiri. “Ntchitoyi ndi imodzi mwazikhulupiriro zachisilamu ku Malaysia komanso kum’mwera chakum’mawa kwa Asia. Kulimbana kumeneku sikukhudzana ndi zaluso kapena chikhalidwe kapena chipembedzo – ndikumenyera nkhondo mphamvu: yemwe ali ndi mphamvu zokhazikitsa malingaliro, malingaliro ndi machitidwe amtundu wina. ”

Kuyendetsa zoletsa

Zoletsedwa ndi zoletsa zimamasulira mu njira yotsekedwa ndi ma grid yotsekedwa momwe mabungwe azamalamulo aboma amakhalanso ngati zosefera komanso zowunkhira, kukumbutsa ojambula za zomwe zimaloledwa – ndi zomwe sizili – kuti apereke ziphaso kuti achite.

Ramli adauza Al Jazeera kuti: “Pali malingaliro olimba azipembedzo pakupeza ziphaso zomwe zimadalira kwambiri Chisilamu chachi Sunni.” “Malamulo oti ‘usachite’ amayang’anira mabungwe ambiri, osati maphunziro okha, komanso mabuku, makanema, nyimbo, chakudya ndi zakumwa, zovala, ndi zina zambiri.”

Chitsanzo chimodzi chaposachedwa ndi kanema, The Story of Southern Islet, wolemba Chong Keat Aun, yemwe adasankhidwa kuti apeze mphotho zinayi pamasankhidwe apamwamba a Taipei a Golden Horse Awards Novembala lapitali ndipo adapambana Best Best Director. Atakhala m’boma la Kedah pafupi ndi malire aku Thailand ndipo potengera zomwe mwana wopanga kanema adakumbukira, kanemayo amafotokoza zaulendo wamzimu wokhala ngati maloto kuti akachiritse amuna awo, omwe adadwala modabwitsa zomwe amakhulupirira kuti ndi temberero lauzimu.

Mosasamala kanthu za kutchuka kwapadziko lonse lapansi, kanemayo adadulidwa khumi ndi awiri ndi gulu laku Malawi lodziletsa, zonse zokhudzana ndi miyambo yakale Chisilamu chisanachitike, kuphatikiza wayang kulit gedet – mawonekedwe amithunzi omwe amafanana ndi dziko lakumpoto lomwe linali lotchuka cha m’ma 1980. Masiku ano, magulu awiri okha a wayang kulit atsala.

Wayang kulit – mwina njira yotchuka kwambiri yazosangalatsa ku Malaysia komanso mbali zina za Indonesia ndipo idagwiritsidwapo ntchito ngati njira yofalitsira nkhani ndi miseche pakati pa anthu am’mudzimo – idaletsedwanso ku 1998 chifukwa komwe idayambiranso miyambo yachisilamu chisanachitike. COVID-19 isanaimitse zisudzo zonse, wayang kulit anali atasandulika kukhala chipolopolo chaomwe anali kale, kumachitika m’malo osankhidwa okha komanso pamaukwati ndi miyambo yotsegulira.

Ramli Ibrahim ku Isha Ashram ku Coimbatore, India [Courtesy of Sutra Foundation. Photo by Iqbal Singh Saggu]

“Kuchotsedwa kwa wojambula wodziwika ngati Ramli Ibrahim sikwanzeru: ngati okonzawo aganiza kuti sangakhale woyenera, osamuyitanitsa,” atero a Tintoy Chuo, woyambitsa komanso wopanga mfundo zoyambirira za Fusion Wayang Kulit, gulu lokhazikika ku Kuala Lumpur lomwe lathandiza kutsitsimutsa Kelantanese wayang kulit poliphatikiza ndi zinthu zamakono.

Awo Star Nkhondo Wayang Kulit adasintha mwambowu pogwiritsa ntchito otchulidwa mu saga ya Star Wars ndi ngwazi za DC Comics ngati Batman ndi Wonder Woman. Izi zidapangitsa kuti malusowa akhale osangalatsa kwa omvera amitundu yambiri am’masiku ano – ena mwa iwo mwina sangadandaule ndimachitidwe achikhalidwe – kwinaku akutsatira zoletsedwazo.

“Zomwe zidachitikira dziko lino chisilamu chisanachitike ndi mbiriyakale, ndipo chilichonse chikuyenera kuvomerezedwa ngati mbiri yakale sitingasinthe,” adatero Chuo. “Tayang’anani kumayiko oyandikana nawo ndikudabwa kuti akuchita bwino bwanji zaluso? Chifukwa amamvetsetsa kusiyana pakati pa chipembedzo ndi zaluso, ndipo amalemekeza izi. ”

Kwa a Ramli, chovuta chake ndikusintha chikhalidwe chambiri ku Malaysia – Malay Muslim, kapena Melayu mchilankhulo cha Chimalaya – kuti chikhale chowonera bwino kwambiri.

“Sindingayerekeze kutanthauzira kuti” Melayu “ayenera kukhala wotani, koma ndikwanira kunena kuti ndimakonda Melayu wanga kuti asavala chipembedzo chake ngati albatross m’khosi mwake,” adatero.

Ramli adadziwitsidwa ku Bharatanatyam gule wakale waku India pomwe amaphunzira ku Melbourne mzaka za 1970.

Adalowa nawo Sydney Dance Company yomwe idakhazikitsidwa kumene mu 1977, kenako adadziwitsidwa kalembedwe ka Odissi, komwe adakwaniritsa motsogozedwa ndi Guru Debaprasad Das ku Odisha, akupitiliza kuyendera mbuye womaliza mpaka kumwalira kwawo mu 1986.

“Sayenera kudzilungamitsa moyo wake wonse kuti ndi Melayu… Melayu wanga sayenera kukhala ‘woyera’ mwa mdzukulu wake ndipo ali ndi chidaliro kuti ndi Melayu ngakhale atani ndipo chofunikira, kunyadira kukhala woyamba ku Malawi. ”