However, the method was repeatedly requested after the covid-19 epidemic, and after consultation with the NIH and the magazine, it was offered to the community. The researchers also reported that it was very different from SARS-CoV-2.
How did the chimeric attack coronaviruses?
About 2012 or 2013, I heard Dr. Shi was present at the meeting. [Shi’s team had recently discovered two new coronaviruses in a bat cave, which they named SHC014 and WIV1.] We talked after the meeting. I asked him if he would like to make the SHC014 or WIV1 spike available for release.
And he was kind enough to send us this one right away – mostly, kale he published. This was his great privilege on the paper. And if your friend gives you an advance notice, writing it down is appropriate.
That was the foundation of the union. We have not provided chimeric virus sequence, clones, or viruses to WIV researchers; and Drs. Shi, or members of his research team, had never worked in our laboratory at UNC. No one in my team has ever worked in WIV laboratories.
And did you create a genetic mutation that gives you the opportunity to create their own viruses from the same genes?
Yes, but at the time, DNA linking was expensive – about a dollar [one letter of DNA]. So making a genomevirus genome can cost up to $ 30,000. And we just had to go with the flow. A combination of 4,000-nucleotide spike genes cost $ 4,000. The reason for this is that we have developed a valid SHC014 sign in the recurring spinal cord: a modified version of the SARS mouse. The virus was effective, and we realized that we could copy human cells.
What, then, is a job search? Well, parental strains of the SARS coronavirus can be most effectively inherited in human-derived cells. Malaria can also be a disease of the human body, but not more than a genetic virus. That is why we did not get any work, but we reserved work. In addition, the malt was reduced in mice compared with that of mice, so this could be considered a loss of function.
One of the reasons why people do not research the work — including this research, is that the work is useless. Would you agree?
By 2016, using malnutrition and modifying genetics, we identified SARS dangerous coronaviruses to be able to test and find drugs that have effective anti-coronaviruses. We found that remdesivir is the first antiviral drug that worked against all known coronaviruses, and was published in 2017. It was immediately included in human trials and became the first FDA-approved drug to treat covid-19 infections worldwide. The second drug, called EIDD-2801, or molnupiravir, was also shown to be effective against all coronaviruses before the 2020 epidemic, and was later shown to be effective against SARS-CoV-2 by March 2020.
As a result, I strongly disagree. I can ask critics if they detected any dangerous coronavirus drugs before the epidemic. Can they point to papers from their laboratories listing the most effective form of coronavirus treatment that has been effective in combating the virus?
Unfortunately, rehab can only be given by intravenous injection. We were moving into oral formulation, but a covid-19 epidemic broke out. I wish we had the first oral medication. It is a game changer that can help people living with HIV in developing countries, as well as US citizens.
Molnupiravir is an oral medication, and a third-phase test shows an active improvement in the virus. It was considered a license for emergency use in India.
Finally, the work also supported government decisions that prioritize initial research and use of coronaviruses.
What about vaccinations?
Between 2018 and 2019, the Vaccine Research Center at NIH joined us to start testing messenger messenger-RNA vaccine against MERS-CoV [a coronavirus that sometimes spreads from camels to humans]. MERS-CoV has been a major problem since 2012, with 35% of deaths, making it one of the world’s most serious threats.
By early 2020, we had a wealth of data showing that during the time of the mice we developed, the mRNA spike vaccine was very effective in protecting against the deadly MERS-CoV virus. If it was designed against the original 2003 SARS crisis, it was also very effective. For that reason I think it was not necessary for the NIH to take the mRNA-enabled vaccine as a strong platform against SARS-CoV-2 and give them a chance to move forward.
Most recently, we published a paper showing that most vaccines, chimeric spike mRNA protect against all known SARS-like diseases in mice. International work on pan-sarbecoronavirus vaccination [sarbecoronavirus is the subgenus to which SARS and SARS-CoV-2 belong] will require us to create viruses like those described in the 2015 paper.
That is why I would say that anyone who says there is no reason to do this work in 2015 does not accept the infrastructure that has helped cure covid-19 vaccine and future coronaviruses.
Work is only beneficial if the benefits outweigh its risks. Are there safety precautions that can be taken to reduce the risk?
Certainly. We do everything on BSL-3 plus. All that is required of the BSL-3 would be the N95 mask, eye protection, gloves, and lab coats, but we wear non-standard Tyvek suits, aprons, and spoils and wear two gloves. Our staff wear clothing and PAPRs [powered air-purifying respirators] which provides HEPA filtered air to the worker. The reason for this is not only that we search everything in the environmental cabinet, but we also do research in a safe place, which has a lot of storage equipment, and each employee has his or her own secret suit.
Another thing we do is help with emergency management and those who respond to our initial response. We also work with the local hospital. With most laboratory infections, there is no known cause of the disease. And people are sick, aren’t they? You need to have a medical plan in place to put people at home quickly, to make sure they have masks and communicate regularly with the doctor at the school.
Is all of this important for other offices in the US and around the world?
No, I don’t think so. Different locations have different BSL-3 functionality, operating modes, and security features. Some depend on the depth of your bags and the germs that have been studied in the house. N95 is much cheaper than PAPR.
Globally, the US has no say in the environmental protection used in China or any other independent country conducting research on the virus, be it coronaviruses or Nipah, Hendra, or Ebola.
The Wuhan Institute of Virology was developing coronaviruses, using methods similar to yours, wasn’t it?
Let me make it very clear that we have not shipped any cell or chimeric viruses to China. They created their own cells, the WIV1 gene, which is a bat coronavirus. And in the backyard they exchanged genes of bat coronaviruses, to learn how genetic mutations contribute to the spread of disease in human cells.
Would you call it a job-opportunity opportunity?
The Committee on NIH conducts job search. Beneficial legislation focuses on epidemics and experiments aimed at promoting the spread of SARS, MERS, and avian influenza. WIV1 is about 10% different from SARS. Some say that “SARS coronavirus” in translation refers to everything that is found in the sarbecoronavirus genus. By that definition, Chinese people may be trying to find work, depending on the nature of the plant. Some say that SARS and WIV1 are different, so these tests cannot be given. Obviously, the CDC regards SARS and WIV1 as separate viruses. Only SARS coronavirus since 2003 has been selected. In the end, the committee at NIH is the final one and makes the decision on a non-profit trial.
To paraphrase, we know that he was performing this function in BSL-2, which is much lower security than BSL-3 combined.
In the past, the Chinese have conducted extensive research on bat coronavirus under BSL-2 conditions. Obviously, BSL-2 safety standards are different from BSL-3, and lab-induced infections are more common in BSL-2. There is also less control over BSL-2.
This year, the World Health Organization and China say it is highly unlikely that the lab accident caused SARS-CoV-2. But later you signed a letter to other scientists to find out more about the possible causes. Why was that?
One of the reasons I signed the letter in Science was that the WHO report did not discuss the function in the WIV laboratory, or what information the team of experts analyzed to determine if it was “doubtful” that labor or disease escape was the cause of the epidemic.
It should be noted that laboratory infections would have occurred as long as BSL-2 works. Some unknown viruses incorporated from guano or oral swabs can be copied or re-integrated with others, so you can discover new types of natural substances that will not occur.
And if this research is being done in BSL-2, then there are questions that need to be answered. What are the working methods in BSL-2? What are employee records? What is the history of what can happen in the lab, and how was it clarified and resolved? What precautions can be taken to prevent further damage?
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